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[83] Before striking, the ant opens its mandibles extremely widely and locks them in this position by an internal mechanism. Les espèces de cette sous-famille sont divisées en différentes tribus (dont 8 représentées en France). These parallels with human societies have long been an inspiration and subject of study. Examples are Robert Frost in his poem "Departmental" and T. H. White in his fantasy novel The Once and Future King. Others are less expansionist, but just as aggressive; they invade colonies to steal eggs or larvae, which they either eat or raise as workers or slaves. [187] Studies on ants have tested hypotheses in ecology and sociobiology, and have been particularly important in examining the predictions of theories of kin selection and evolutionarily stable strategies. Ants thrive in most ecosystems and may form 15–25% of the terrestrial animal biomass. Their attractive, almost sweetmeat-like translucency possibly invited the first essays at their consumption by the human species". [14][15] A 2006 study suggested that ants arose tens of millions of years earlier than previously thought, up to 168 million years ago. Some of the dominant bacteria belong to the order Rhizobiales whose members are known for being nitrogen-fixing symbionts in legumes but the species found in ant lack the ability to fix nitrogen. The similarity of their social structure to that of ants is attributed to convergent evolution. Like virtually all ants, they are eusocial, but their social behaviour is poorly developed compared to other species. [43][44] Some other species show continuous variation in the size of workers. One group was continually rewarded with prey, while it was made certain that the other failed. For this reason, studies have been done on topics including: Ants are of extreme importance in the insect world.
Les espèces de cette sous-famille sont divisées en différentes tribus (dont 8 représentées en France). In a few species, the median workers are absent, creating a sharp divide between the minors and majors. The Mexican Indians eat the replete workers, or living honey-pots, of the honey ant (Myrmecocystus). [166][167] This behaviour was once considered mutualistic, but later studies found the birds to be parasitic. The ant seizes the edges of the wound in its mandibles and locks in place. This modification of the forest provides the ants with more nesting sites inside the stems of the Duroia trees. Like ants, termites are eusocial, with sterile workers, but they differ greatly in the genetics of reproduction.
Trap-jaws also are seen in the following genera: Anochetus, Orectognathus, and Strumigenys,[83] plus some members of the Dacetini tribe,[84] which are viewed as examples of convergent evolution. [186], Observed by humans since the dawn of history, the behaviour of ants has been documented and the subject of early writings and fables passed from one century to another. The head, mesosoma, and metasoma are the three distinct body segments (formally tagmata). [21] Velvet ants look like large ants, but are wingless female wasps. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature. In this ant-fungus mutualism, both species depend on each other for survival. Species: P. clavata (bullet ant), S. invicta (red fire ant), S. richteri (black fire ant), Myrmecia species (jack jumper, bull ant) Hundreds of thousands of people are stung by ants each year. When the food source is exhausted, no new trails are marked by returning ants and the scent slowly dissipates.
The materials used for construction include soil and plant matter,[68] and ants carefully select their nest sites; Temnothorax albipennis will avoid sites with dead ants, as these may indicate the presence of pests or disease.
Sanskrit vamrah, Greek μύρμηξ mýrmēx, Old Church Slavonic mraviji, Old Irish moirb, Old Norse maurr, Dutch mier, Swedish myra, Danish myre, Middle Dutch miere, Crimean Gothic miera. [177], In South Africa, ants are used to help harvest the seeds of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), a plant used to make a herbal tea. Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Similar forms of nest construction are seen in some species of Polyrhachis. If an ant is successful, it leaves a new trail marking the shortest route on its return. Formicidae ants, fourmis. [100][101], Most ants are generalist predators, scavengers, and indirect herbivores,[17] but a few have evolved specialised ways of obtaining nutrition. [195] Aesop did the same in his fable The Ant and the Grasshopper.
They belong to the order Hymenoptera, which includes bees, wasps, sawflies, and ichneumons. [117] In some army ant species, a group of foragers who become separated from the main column may sometimes turn back on themselves and form a circular ant mill. She forages and cares for her first brood until they are adults. [35] In some species, a small pocket (infrabuccal chamber) inside the mouth stores food, so it may be passed to other ants or their larvae. [200] Some modern authors have used the example of the ants to comment on the relationship between society and the individual. [112][113] Some species of ant are able to use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. [49] The Australian jack jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula) has only a single pair of chromosomes (with the males having just one chromosome as they are haploid), the lowest number known for any animal, making it an interesting subject for studies in the genetics and developmental biology of social insects. The wound is pressed together and ants are applied along it. These adaptations include long, sticky tongues to capture ants and strong claws to break into ant nests. Les formicinés (Formicinae) sont une sous-famille d'insectes hyménoptères de la famille des formicidés (fourmis). A characteristic of most formicids is the possession of a metapleural gland. [22][23], Ants are found on all continents except Antarctica, and only a few large islands, such as Greenland, Iceland, parts of Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands lack native ant species. [80], Fire ants, Solenopsis spp., are unique in having a venom sac containing piperidine alkaloids.
More than 12,000 species are currently known (with upper estimates of the potential existence of about 22,000; see the article List of ant genera), with the greatest diversity in the tropics. "The Australian workerless inquiline ant, "Clonal reproduction by males and females in the little fire ant", "Myrmecomorphy and myrmecophily in spiders: A Review", "Ecological consequences of interactions between ants and honeydew-producing insects", "Is the larval and imaginal signalling of Lycaenidae and other Lepidoptera related to communication with ants", "Surveying the microbiome of ants: comparing 454 pyrosequencing with traditional methods to uncover bacterial diversity", "The genome of Rhizobiales bacteria in predatory ants reveals urease gene functions but no genes for nitrogen fixation", "The devil to pay: a cost of mutualism with Myrmelachista schumanni ants in 'devil's gardens' is increased herbivory on Duroia hirsuta trees", "Pseudocopulation of an orchid by male ants: a test of two hypotheses accounting for the rarity of ant pollination", "The assembly of ant-farmed gardens: mutualism specialization following host broadening", "Studies of a South East Asian ant-plant association: protection of Macaranga trees by Crematogaster borneensis", "Foraging in Social Wasps: Agelaia lacks recruitment to food (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", "Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the Diptera", "The life of a dead ant: the expression of an adaptive extended phenotype", "Behavioral interactions between ants and their parasites", "Foraging at army ant swarms by fifty bird species in the highlands of Costa Rica", "Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (, "Innovative mechanisms for sharing benefits of biodiversity and related knowledge", "How many ants are there for every one person on earth? [172][173][174] The large heads of the dinergates (soldiers) of the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes are also used by native surgeons in closing wounds. Then the female finds a suitable place in the soil or in a rotting tree to build her nest. A month later, the successful foragers continued in their role while the others had moved to specialise in brood care. [138] A number of specialized bacteria have been found as endosymbionts in ant guts. Jennifer Roof (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. These nests may be found in the ground, under stones or logs, inside logs, hollow stems, or even acorns. Acanthomyops: pictures (2) Genus Acanthomyrmex. [197] Ant bites are used in the initiation ceremonies of some Amazon Indian cultures as a test of endurance.
Les genres les plus courants en Europe sont : … Many arboreal species lack the metapleural gland (due perhaps to the drier, cleaner environment).
[141], Lemon ants make devil's gardens by killing surrounding plants with their stings and leaving a pure patch of lemon ant trees, (Duroia hirsuta).
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