(Tandon, 1985). The resulting parasitism amounts to 80% and the total cost is half that for insecticidal control (Huffaker, 1977). (2015). At the pest level, Barbosa and Segarra-Carmona (1993) reviewed criteria for the selection of pest arthropod species as candidates for biological control. No percentages of parasitization were given, but satisfactory control was reported (Amaya, 1982).

Remove the excess eggs from the cards by using brush. and Encarsia merceti (Silv. have been the most extensively studied. The interaction between O. majusculus and entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium brunneum (Petch) and Neozygites floridana (Weiser & Muma) (bioagents of T. urticae infesting strawberry) was studied by Jacobsen et al. Husseini et al. T. chilonis and T. simmondsi are important mortality factors of A. soccata in India (Singh and Sharma, 2002; Kalaisekar et al., 2013). Trichogramma cards are produced and distributed to farmers through rural entrepreneur- model (Jaigeetha et al., 2014). 10,000 - 12,000 live parasitized Trichogramma Eggs glued on cards… The parasitoid Telenomus incommodatus (Nixon) was found to be effective against citrus butterflies (Krishnamoorthy and Singh, 1988). Reaction of Trichogramma chilonis to some pesticides commonly used in cotton fields. Regardless of N fertilization levels, O. laevigatus alone was more effective in aphid suppression than A. aphidimyza alone.

Especially in inundative release programs, the suitability of the released entomophage for its intended host must first be determined. Some products like Etofenprox gave contradictory results in the field and laboratory experiments, corroborating the need of multiple testing methods in evaluating the effects of pesticides on beneficial insects. In Sweden, the predators Amblyseius (=Neoseiulus) cucumeris (Oudemans) and O. insidiosus were very effective when they were released together on four ornamental plants (Saintpaulia, Impatiens, Gerbera, and Brachyscome multifida) infested with F. occidentalis in greenhouses (Sorensson and Nedstam, 1993). Charles V. Riley give the description for the first time in 1871 about trichogramma species. Tetrastichus phyllocnistis (Narayanan) and Ageniapsis spp. There are 230 recorded species and the highest numbers of species have been described from the USA, India, Brazil, China, and Russia. However, they concluded that there was weak asymmetric intraguild predation among the two predators that did not affect their predatory efficiency. It is a specific parasitoid of P. citri, possessing excellent host-searching ability. and recommended at 10–15 per tree. Although the affinity to its natural host decreased after 17 generations reared on eggs of the noctuid Peridroma saucia (Hübner), percentages of acceptance and of parasitism by T. sp. Noctuid larvae that infest sugar beet and potato were controlled in the former USSR by releasing 20,000–60,000 parasitoids per ha, resulting in a 60–90% reduction in infestation levels (Beglyarov & Smetnik, 1977). In a study by Pourian et al. MARCOS KOGAN, ... JOSEPH V. MADDOX, in Handbook of Biological Control, 1999. Shen et al. Smith (1996) suggested that assessment of Trichogramma impact as a biocontrol agent should improve with better guidelines for standardizing terminology and measurements. (Bosco et al., 2012). The citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus), a common pest in citrus, was parasitized T. chilonis (up to 75.86%) and Telenomus spp. No insecticidal sprays were required for the control of P. citri in the following season (Manjunath, 1985; Krishnamoorthy and Singh, 1987; Nagarkatti and Jayanth, 1992). Abamectin, λ-cyhalothrin, acrinahtrin, and Azadirachtin were not compatible with Orius spp. Given a choice of unparasitized and parasitized (by Trichogramma chilonis Ishii.) Obrycki et al. Similarly, releases of exotic parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii Howard, from the West Indies have proved effective for the control of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Mulsant, in India. on crops like olive, pepper, and strawberries. successfully controlled F. occidentalis in France and Spain (Sampson et al., 2011).

Rice pests, especially the rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocoris medinalis Guenée, are controlled in the People's Republic of China by five seasonal releases of from 150,000 to 600,000 T. australicum per ha, depending upon host density. It was found in North America.

They found that T. pretiosum was preferable to T. exiguum to augmentatively control Heliothis spp.

were reported to control the citrus leaf miner. The oriental mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus, was controlled by the local parasitoid, Tetranemoidea indica (Ayyar). Another biocontrol agent, Tetrastichus howardi, developed in our lab and released to the cane command area since 2007. Predators: Chrysoperla carnea, coccinellids, king crow, common mynah, wasp, dragonfly, spider, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, fire ants, big-eyed bugs. (2011), O. albidipennis was observed to be able to detect and avoid areas treated with entomofungal bioagent Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff). Pupal parasitoids include Spalangia endius, Trichopria sp., Opius sp., Monelta sp. Trichogramma is one of around 80 genera from the family Trichogrammatidae, with over 200 species worldwide.. This Trico card can be split in to 16 bits and each bit will have approximately 1000 parasitoides.

sibericum were still higher than those of the commercial Trichogramma. (larval-pupal), Campoletis chlorideae (larval), Eriborus argentiopilosus (larval), Microplitis sp.

The parasitoids, Encarsia divergence (Silv.) (egg), Chelonus blackburni (egg-larval), Carcelia spp. Distatrix papilionis (Vierick) is the dominant parasitoid of the caterpillars and T. chilonis, Trichogramma incommodus, and D. papilionis caused a cumulative parasitism of 88% (Krishnamoorthy and Singh, 1988). and Rhoptromeris sp., Alysia sp., Trichoplasta sp., and Crataepiella sp. (1988) reported successful results with inoculative releases of only 15,000 T. dendrolimi Matsumura per ha on seven experimental hectares of rice.

The pupal parasitoid, especially S. endius, is an important population regulating parasitization of shoot flies in India (Kalaisekar et al., 2013). Inundative release trials using small blocks within commercial vineyards showed that >75% of the egg masses in the vineyard could be parasitized by T. carverae at release rates of 70,000 Trichogramma per hectare with as few as 30 release sites per hectare (Glenn & Hoffmann, 1997). Patil, in Insect Pests of Millets, 2017. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 20:43-45.

Tricogramma chilonis is supplied in 1 CC card and each card will have 16,000 to 20,000 parasitoides. ), were found effective against the citrus black fly, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby) (Krishnamoorthy, 2010).

nr. This indicates that it may be possible to integrate releases of anthocorids with trichogrammatids for biocontrol of thrips/lepidopteran pests infesting different crop ecosystems. It is not unusual for an entomophage species to have biotypes that vary in characteristics such as climatic or host population suitability. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. (egg), Telenomus spp. (1987) reported that there are two observed biotypes of Edovum puttleri, an egg parasitoid of the Colorado potato beetle. Hand-picking and destruction of egg masses and early gregarious instars is practiced to control the pest. L.K.

To find suitable egg parasitoids for field release, Wuehrer and Hassan (1993) biologically tested 47 strains of Trichogramma and two strains of Trichogrammatoidea for their ability to attack the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. A fungus, Fusarium sp., and a bacterium, Corynebacterium sp., have been isolated from shoot fly eggs (Zongo et al., 1993). Natural Enemies of Insects, 19:11-14. eggs of both C. cephalonica and H. armigera, B. pallescens, and O. tantillus preferred to feed on unparasitized eggs. Work with species biotypes has included that for T. evanescens (Ram et al., 1995), T. exiguum (Gomez et al., 1995), and Microctonus spp. Another example of seeking a parasitoid species that is effective against its intended host was the selection of T. (Trichogrammanza) carverae (Oatman & Pinto), one of four candidate indigenous species of Trichogramma collected from vineyard egg masses of Epiphyas postvittana, as a potentially commercially viable biological control agent (Glenn & Hoffmann, 1997; Glenn et al., 1997). Cultural: Clean cultivation exposes the larvae to natural enemies. Spraying of NSKE at 4.0% at the early growth stage of the crop and SlNPV at 250 LE per hectare is very effective. (2012) and Pascual et al. Tamoghna Saha, ... Kiran Kumari, in Preharvest Modulation of Postharvest Fruit and Vegetable Quality, 2018.

Initial releases are spaced 5 days apart; later releases are 8 days apart.

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