In common with EU member states, managers were the most likely to work long hours.

Average working hours in the UK were mid-range across all EU member states when all employees (full-time and part-time employees) were included. However, it was difficult to isolate the impact of reducing working hours per se, since reductions in long hours working were typically accompanied by other developments, such as changes in work organisation, new capital investment, etc. Men with children were slightly more likely to work longer hours than those without, while women with children were less likely to work long hours than those without.

The Time Regulation Institute Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, trans. The incidence of long working hours increased over the decade 1988 to 1998 following a period of long-term decline.

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However, most of this research focused upon specific occupations (eg long distance lorry drivers, the medical professions), which precluded more general conclusions being drawn.

However, self-reporting and organisational case studies suggested that long working hours had a negative effect on motivation, absence and turnover. Each house was air conditioned, carpeted, and well furnished.

Amongst managerial and professional workers, there was a clear association between the amount of overtime worked and current levels of pay.

The proportion of UK employees working long hours had increased over the previous decade, notwithstanding that between 1988 and 1998 the basic average weekly standard hours fell for both men and women (from 40.2 to 39.3 and 37.4 to 36.8, respectively). Visit BN.com to buy new and used textbooks, and check out our award-winning NOOK tablets and eReaders. However, there was no robust statistical evidence that long hours workers were significantly more likely than employees with standard or alternative working hours (eg shift and rotating shift workers, flexible workers, etc.) Again, this negative effect was much more marked amongst women than men. Interest in this topic was stimulated by the debate within government, industry and other organisations about the effectiveness of long hours working, particularly with respect to organisational performance and increasing productivity.

They are compounded in the case of cross-national surveys and case study research when linguistic and cultural factors are also brought into play. Working people’s satisfaction with various aspects of their lives, for example, health, social life and leisure pursuits, tended to decrease with the number of hours worked. Salim offered a quick tour of the few noteworthy places around town, and afterward, Indar took the lead and became Salim’s guide through the Domain. The review of the literature showed that there was a considerable body of research looking at the influence of work patterns on employee health, although most of this focused on employees working unsocial hours or shift patterns, rather than long working hours per se.

The review of the research literature showed that there was little robust statistical evidence on the effects of long hours working on employee motivation, absence and turnover.

However, for the purpose of this report, it was defined as more than 48 hours a week, in line with the WTR. For women, there was also an association between long hours working and higher levels of mental stress, especially if it was over a sustained period (over a year) and they had a partner. The analysis of WERS98 revealed a significant association between long hours working and higher staff turnover. Salim knew little about the life that went on in the Domain.

These difficulties are evident when comparing the findings of the UK surveys presented in this study. However, it was also to be found amongst trades, sales and operative workers. The focus is on the “bullshit economy” described by David Graeber. The review of the research literature, backed up by the findings from the case studies, suggested that a major reason for long hours working, particularly when it was unpaid, was the volume of work. However, this might have been the result of healthier people being able to work longer hours and those with ill health having to work fewer hours, rather than long hours working leading to better health. The increase in long hours working was primarily due to the increased use of overtime both paid and unpaid. Research suggested two main reasons for these inter-country variations: Cultural factors were also cited. Little conclusive evidence was available on the benefits of long hours working. In contrast, men who worked long hours reported being healthier than men who worked shorter hours.

The sectors with a particularly high incidence of long hours working were construction, transport, communication and agriculture, forestry and fishing.

In particular: There were considerable theoretical and methodological difficulties in measuring the impact of long hours working on organisational performance.

An Analysis of Vice President Biden’s Economic Agenda: The Long Run Impacts of Its Regulation, Taxes, ... time equivalent employment per person by about 3 percent, the capital stock per person by about 15 percent, real GDP per capita by more than 8 percent, and real consumption per household by about 7 percent. Metty seemed to lose his former “brightness and gaiety,” and Salim felt isolated and melancholy.

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