The adults inject the eggs into a host, which they begin to consume after hatching. [6] The Ancient Greek ὑμήν (hymen) for membrane provides a plausible etymology for the term because species in this order have membranous wings. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. hymenoptera 1. Other general characteristics of Hymenoptera include chewing (mandibulate) mouthparts and two pairs of membranous wings, the forewings much larger than hindwings.

[6] However, a key characteristic of this order is that the hind wings are connected to the fore wings by a series of hooks. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. pp. This page was last edited on 17 October 2020, at 22:18. [11] This phenomenon is called haplodiploidy. The forward margin of the hind wing bears a number of hooked bristles, or "hamuli", which lock onto the fore wing, keeping them held together. Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. The most primitive forms are typically phytophagous, feeding on flowers, pollen, foliage, or stems. Many species have further developed the mouthparts into a lengthy proboscis, with which they can drink liquids, such as nectar. They have an unconstricted junction between the thorax and abdomen. Because of this, cooperation among kindred females may be unusually advantageous, and has been hypothesized to contribute to the multiple origins of eusociality within this order. When winged, the wings form two membranous pairs that can be hooked together. However, the actual genetic mechanisms of haplodiploid sex determination may be more complex than simple chromosome number. In general, the anus only opens at the completion of larval growth. Sawflies and Horntails. Hymenopterans range in size from very small to large insects, and usually have two pairs of wings. [5]:42 All references agree that the derivation involves the Ancient Greek πτερόν (pteron) for wing. Colonies of this species which have more homozygous queens will age more rapidly, resulting in reduced colony survival.[27]. [4] Many of the species are parasitic. [4], Mao M, Gibson T, Dowton M (2014) Higher-level phylogeny of the Hymenoptera inferred from mitochondrial genomes. .mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees), Hymenoptera originated in the Triassic, with the oldest fossils belonging to the family Xyelidae. ": Digitized book of the week: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hymenoptera&oldid=984057194, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Unlike caterpillars, however, the prolegs have no grasping spines, and the antennae are reduced to mere stubs. The name Hymenoptera refers to the wings of the insects, but the original derivation is ambiguous. This refers to their filmy, or membranous, wings. Diploid biparental males are usually sterile but a few species that have fertile diploid males are known. Different species of Hymenoptera show a wide range of feeding habits. Pamphiliidae. Stinging wasps are predators, and will provision their larvae with immobilised prey, while bees feed on nectar and pollen.

Many Hymenoptera also have wings that are reduced (brachypterous) or absent (apterous). Ants / Wasps / Bees / Sawflies / Horntails. The Megalyroidea and Trigonalyoidea are sister clades as are the Chalcidoidea+Diaprioidea.

The larvae are herbivorous, free-living, and eruciform, with three pairs of true legs, prolegs (on every segment, unlike Lepidoptera) and ocelli. Sense organs appear to be poorly developed, with no ocelli, very small or absent antennae, and toothlike, sicklelike, or spinelike mandibles.

387–388, "A Total-Evidence Approach to Dating with Fossils, Applied to the Early Radiation of the Hymenoptera", "The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data", "Endopterygota Insects with complete metamorphosis", "Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera", "Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera", "Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis", "Functionally reproductive diploid and haploid males in an inbreeding hymenopteran with complementary sex determination", "No Need to Discriminate? The group may be paraphyletic, as it has been suggested that the family Orussidae may be the group from which the Apocrita arose. Sirex Woodwasp (Sirex areolatus).

The name is appropriate not only for the membranous nature of the wings, but also for the manner in which they are "joined together as one" by the hamuli.

Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects and includes many species of bees, wasps, hornets, sawflies, and ants. [25], Single queen colonies of the narrow headed ant Formica exsecta illustrate the possible deleterious effects of increased homozygosity.

In the more ancestral hymenopterans, the ovipositor is blade-like, and has evolved for slicing plant tissues. Hymenoptera can be divided into four informal groups: sawflies and horntails, wasps, bees, and ants. In the majority, however, it is modified for piercing, and, in some cases, is several times the length of the body.

This is especially likely to occur in an individual whose parents were siblings or other close relatives. Among most or all hymenopterans, sex is determined by the number of chromosomes an individual possesses. Hymenoptera. The prolegs do not have crochet hooks at the ends unlike the larvae of the Lepidoptera. Nearly all commonly encountered Hymenoptera can be recognized by a narrow "waist." Symphytan larvae that are wood borers or stem borers have no abdominal legs and the thoracic legs are smaller than those of non-borers.

The smaller species may have only two or three hamuli on each side, but the largest wasps may have a considerable number, keeping the wings gripped together especially tightly. "Bees and Wasps and Ants, Oh My! The hindgut of the larvae also remains closed during development, with feces being stored inside the body, with the exception of some bee larvae where the larval anus has reappeared through developmental reversion.
Habits intermediate between those of the herbivorous and parasitoid forms are shown in some hymenopterans, which inhabit the galls or nests of other insects, stealing their food, and eventually killing and eating the occupant. [17] In these species, haploids are male and diploids heterozygous at the sex locus are female, but occasionally a diploid will be homozygous at the sex locus and develop as a male, instead. The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek words "hymen" meaning membrane and "ptera" meaning wings. With rare exceptions, larvae of the suborder Apocrita have no legs and are maggotlike in form, and are adapted to life in a protected environment. This process tends to maintain heterozygosity in the passage of the genome from mother to daughter. A huge number of species are parasitoids as larvae. Hymenopteran wings have relatively few veins compared with many other insects, especially in the smaller species.

Thus, another plausible etymology involves Hymen, the Ancient Greek god of marriage, as these insects have "married wings" in flight.

Most species are classified into families in the larger Apocrita suborder and only the sawflies in the smaller suborder of Symphyta. The cladogram is based on Schulmeister 2003.[14][15]. As males are haploid, any recessive genes will automatically be expressed, exposing them to natural selection. Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants.

Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described,[2][3] in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Midcoxal articulations and the phylogeny of the order Hymenoptera. [11], The Hymenoptera are divided into two groups; the Symphyta which have no waist, and the Apocrita which have a narrow waist. [13] Although this study was unable to resolve all the ambiguities in this clade, some relationships could be established. The Aculeata, Ichneumonomorpha, and Proctotrupomorpha were monophyletic. [26] In W. auropunctata the reduction is 45 fold. Krombein, K. V. 1979. In the suborder Symphyta, the larvae resemble caterpillars in appearance, and like them, typically feed on leaves. [28] Some species are even hyperparasitoid, with the host itself being another parasitoid insect.

Thelytoky is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which female embryos are created (without fertilisation).

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